ABSTRACT
The impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on the cultural and creative economy poses a significant threat. The effects were first and intensely experienced by workers in the live event industry and particularly freelancers. The aim of this article is to examine the perspective of freelancers regarding the market and financial relief measures in response to COVID-19 in a South African context. For this article responses of 846 freelancers, who completed an online survey, were analysed. The results showed particularly low levels of access and application for funding supplied by governmental and private sectors to mediate the COVID-19 pandemic effects. Additionally, the lowest-earning individuals, who are the most vulnerable, received virtually no relief. As one of the first studies of its kind on freelancers in the Cultural and Creative Industries in South Africa, it provides an insight into the challenges faced in the gig economy. It could assist with the development of specific policies and recovery measures in the post-COVID-19 era. © 2022 AJHTL /Author(s) ;Open Access – Online @ www.ajhtl.com
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Infection is the leading cause of death within 1 year post lung transplant. Graft injury secondary to infection is affected by both source and organism. Donor derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a consistent marker of graft injury, but previously reported dd-cfDNA levels with infections have been inconsistent. We compared dd-cfDNA concentrations across different infection types. Method(s): We reviewed infections in lung transplant recipients (LTR) between 5/2019-6/2021 with paired dd-cfDNA at time of infection. All were confirmed infections (i.e. requiring therapy). Infection source (respiratory vs non-respiratory) and organism were collected. Samples were excluded if there was concurrent ACR, AMR or CLAD at time of dd-cfDNA. The primary endpoint was dd-cfDNA levels across cohorts. Result(s): Fifty paired samples from 20 LTR were identified;31 samples were excluded due to concurrent diagnoses. Infections included viral (n=18, 36%), bacterial (n=18, 36%), and fungal (n=10, 20%). Four cultures (8%) had multiple organisms. Most common within each group were CMV (n=4) and COVID (n=4) for viral, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=4) for bacterial, and Aspergillus (n=7) for fungal. Median dd-cfDNA was 1.30% in viral infections, 1.93% in bacterial, and 0.99% in fungal;respiratory infections (n=42) was 1.42% and 0.95% in non-respiratory (n=8). Conclusion(s): There was a statistically significant increase in dd-cfDNA between each infection compared to a normal cohort, but no statistical differences between infection groups. The trend towards significance of respiratory vs non-respiratory indicates that dd-cfDNA may be a useful marker of injury specific to the graft caused by infection. Further investigation with serial samples prior to and following treatment of the infection will be important to better understand this trend. (Figure Presented).